2013 is the 30th anniversary of the cooperation between China and France in nuclear energy. Thirty years ago, the joint construction of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station opened the prelude to the cooperation between China and France in nuclear energy. After 30 years, how widen and deepened Sino-French nuclear energy cooperation will be extended? In April this year, with the testimony of the heads of state of the two countries, the letter of intent on cooperation between China and France in the construction of a large-scale commercial reprocessing-recycling plant project was officially signed. At the recent 21st International Nuclear Engineering Conference, Areopal, vice president of France's Areva, expressed his willingness to strengthen all-round cooperation with China in such fields as the front-end of nuclear fuel cycle, the back-end, nuclear reactors and nuclear safety.
On September 16, a two-day seminar on China-France nuclear fuel cycle back-end technology co-sponsored by China Nuclear Industry Association and Areva of France set up a platform for technological exchanges in this area. Zhang Huazhu, chairman of China Nuclear Industry Association, clearly pointed out at the seminar: "China-France nuclear energy cooperation in the past 30 years has mainly been concentrated in the field of R & D and nuclear power. The cooperation in technology and commerce of nuclear fuel back-end will be a new Important area. "
Back-end technology worldwide attention
As the global population continues to grow, global energy demand is also on the rise. Therefore, the supply of nuclear energy with strong competitiveness has also gone up. A number of agencies and organizations have predicted the future of nuclear power growth. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency's conservative projections based on all the nuclear projects currently under construction and under development, the global nuclear power capacity will increase by 25% by 2030. At the same time, they also made a high prediction. In high projections, they believe global nuclear power capacity will triple. In the opinion of Areva France, by 2030 nuclear power generation will increase 80% over 2011.
Such a large increase in nuclear power will bring more clean power to the world at the same time as the increase of spent fuel inventories has become a problem the international community has to face. According to Areva, 20% of the global spent fuel inventory is double that of 2011, while the annual discharge of spent fuel will be 80% more than in 2011. Most of these increases come from the Asian region.
The problems of nuclear proliferation and security, nuclear safety and environmental impact brought by the increase in the amount of spent fuel have made the study of spent fuel management in various countries particularly urgent and all are striving to find the best solution. India will cost 96 billion rupees to build a fast reactor nuclear fuel cycle and is expected to start work by the end of this year. Japan's state-of-the-art six nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, which have been built in more than 20 years and cost more than 20 billion U.S. dollars, are about to run. My country also decided to cooperate with France in the construction of a large-scale commercial reprocessing-recycling plant project.
Internationally, there are two ways to dispose of spent fuel. One is through-passage, which is to cool the spent fuel and send it to the deep geological layer for storage or long-term storage after packaging, represented by the United States; the other is Cycle, that is, 96% of the spent fuel contained in the useful nuclear fuel separation and recycling, the material can not be recycled after the deep geological layer disposal or separation transmutation, represented by France. The latter approach is adopted by most developing nuclear power countries, as is our country. During the entire fuel cycle, back-end technologies include the storage, transportation and reprocessing of spent fuel, the application of plutonium separation and the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
Nuclear power industry believes that promoting the recycling of spent fuel is the key to the development of nuclear energy in the future. General Electric, which drives fast reactor development, said Hitler's Senior Vice President Kevin Walsh, at last year's WNA conference, said: "For the past few generations, our industry has seen nuclear waste as A troublesome burden, perhaps this is why environmental groups can not treat nuclear power as clean energy, as we do.
So, as Caroline Debreon, Areva's senior vice president for strategic sales and innovation at the backend business unit, states: "Fuel cycle optimization will become even more important to ensure sustainable nuclear energy growth."
Eager back-end needs
Since China's first nuclear power station was put into operation in 1991, up to now, 17 nuclear power plants (14.69 GW) have been put into operation and 29 units (31.68 GW) are under construction. China's adjusted long-term nuclear power development plan clearly states that by 2020, China's installed nuclear power capacity will reach 58 million kilowatts, under construction, installed capacity of 30 million kilowatts of nuclear power. As more and more nuclear power units are put into operation, the amount of spent fuel in our country is exponentially increasing, and the pressure on spent fuel storage and transportation is increasing. According to CGNPC's estimates, China's spent fuel transport and off-heap storage will be six times the current level around 2016; the total amount of spent fuel transport and de-heap storage in China from 2016 to 2020 will be between 2010 and 2015 6 times.
At present, there are two kinds of storage of spent fuel generated by commercial PWR in our country. One is spent fuel pool placed in the area of ​​nuclear power station. The so-called storage in pile is 10 to 20 years in storage. At the end of this period, spent fuel will be transported to a spent fuel pool at China Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., located in Gansu Province. The so-called "off-stack storage" means centralized storage of spent fuel and unified management.
"Exhausted fuel from Daya Bay Nuclear Power Base will have 3 to 4 times the amount of spent fuel shipped from 2016. If effective storage and transportation can not be achieved, there will be a risk of shutdown." Fuel Management Division, Research Department, CGNPC Long weeks Rongsheng's words are not alarmist. At present, the original 500 tons of spent fuel pool in 2004 is already full and can no longer accept new spent fuel. The capacity of an 800-ton water tank under construction is also limited. According to the amount of commercial nuclear power stations in China, this tank will also be full in 2018.
In addition to the storage needs, transport also faces challenges. In 2003, China completed the first shipment of spent nuclear fuel at nuclear power stations. At present, only the spent fuel from the Daya Bay nuclear power station has been shipped out. From Guangdong to Gansu, the itinerary more than 3700 kilometers, affected by climate and other transportation only twice a year, and is to take the road transport. The "vast territory" is a national feature that has become a huge obstacle to be overcome in the transport of spent fuel. In addition, shipping containers, modes of transport, etc. are also crucial factors in spent fuel transportation. "At this time we have not yet come up with a variety of system configurations for shipping containers and new containers need to be added to meet the transportation needs of the years beyond 2016. The current road transport system can meet transport needs by 2015 but before and after 2020 , Road transport difficulties will be greatly increased, even if not feasible, which requires the construction of an advanced comprehensive multi-modal transport system for spent fuel. "The only one able to undertake the task of transporting spent fuel, Qingyuan, general manager of nuclear assistant Li Xiaoqing Have a clear understanding of our ability to transport spent fuel.
"The immediate priority is the lack of intermediate storage of fuel, and it is necessary to establish a decentralized system." To this point, Zhang Huazhu's opinion is certain.
At the seminar, some delegates proposed that in the large commercial reprocessing plant construction, fast reactor commercialization of construction there is uncertainty, the middle of spent fuel dry storage of spent fuel storage and transportation of the pressing need, but also for large Post-processing plant siting, construction to provide buffer time.
The rapid development of nuclear power will inevitably bring about the problem of spent fuel. "How to handle spent fuel safely and economically has become our country's nuclear power
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