Flotation is carried out in an aqueous medium, while the water used for flotation varies with time and place. The composition of water has a great influence on flotation and pharmaceuticals. Based on the hardness of water contained in the polyvalent metal salts and different ions, which have effect on the good and bad agents, such as humic acid and organic matter contained in the water quality is also affected. E.g. water hardness of the fatty acid collecting agent adversely catch, and some salts (metal ions) in water to coal flotation of zinc and lead is advantageous. Therefore, we must pay attention to the quality of the floating water, and take corresponding measures for the floating water according to different conditions. Water can usually be divided into the following categories:
(1) Soft water
Most rivers and lakes are soft water and are the most used type of flotation. It is characterized by relatively low salt content, generally less than 0.1% salt, and low polyvalent metal ions. The hardness of water is usually measured by the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the water.
(2) Hard water
Water with a hardness greater than 4 is called hard water, and it can be subdivided. For example, 4 to 8 degrees is called medium hard water; 8 to 12 degrees is the hardest water. Hard water contains more polyvalent metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ba2+, Sr2+, etc.; obviously there are many corresponding anions, such as HC03-
, Cl-, HSi04-, etc., practice shows that hard water is harmful to the flotation of fatty acid agents. Mainly manifested in the multi-valent metal ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ will react with fatty acid agents to form poorly soluble compounds, which will invalidate the collector. It also destroys the selectivity of the flotation process. When such iron ore flotation, Ca2 +, with Fe3 + ions and other activated silica or silicate gangue, flotation plant water must thus be strictly controlled concentration of Ca2 + ions and other metal ions high.
(3) salt water
Seawater and part of the lake water are salt water, which is characterized by a high salt content, generally 0.1% to 0.5%. Salt water is used for flotation and is of great significance to coastal mines or the salt lake area. Naturally hydrophobic minerals such as coal are floated in salt water and can be used without chemicals. For example, a coal contains the following ions (mass concentration mg/L) Na+ 1789.6, Cl- 2141.3, Mg2+ 28.4, SO42- 131.6, which is used as production water. It is possible to obtain good indicators without the addition of chemicals, and the flotation speed ratio Ordinary fresh water is 60% faster. The seawater flotation test of a lead-zinc mine proves that it has no effect on lead flotation. The grade, impurity and recovery rate of lead concentrate are similar to freshwater flotation, which has certain influence on zinc flotation. such as lime, sulfuric acid copper were increased, comparing gangue easy to float, to add water glass, zinc concentrate grade and recovery of the flotation index slightly lower than the fresh water. When using seawater flotation, attention should be paid to the corrosion of equipment by seawater.
(4) Saturated solution of easily soluble salt
Soluble salts, such as flotation rock salt, potash, borax and the like need to be in a saturated solution thereof. In order to reduce the loss of useful ingredients, it is necessary to make full use of the return water (called mother liquor).
When flotation is carried out in a saturated salt solution, the following conditions must be met for the collector:
1) It can be dissolved in a saturated salt solution without forming a precipitate with ions in the solution.
2) It can be adsorbed by salts in a saturated salt solution.
3) The concentration required should not exceed the critical concentration at which the micelles are formed.
Commonly used collectors are hydrocarbyl sulfates, sulfonates, amines and short hydrocarbon chain fatty acids.
(5) Backwater
The recycling of tailings wastewater is receiving more and more attention. Whether it is from environmental protection, or from the point of view of saving medicine and industrial water, the use of backwater is necessary. The characteristics of the backwater in the flotation plant are generally more organic and inorganic agents, and the composition is more complicated. In particular, fine-grained slime must be considered for their impact on the flotation process. Practice has proved that when dealing with single metal ore, the backwater utilization is relatively simple. For example, when copper- nickel- sulfur flotation is used, the backwater can be used all at once, which can reduce the consumption of chemicals: 17% of alkali and 23% of xanthate. When dealing with polymetallic ore, the recycling of backwater is more complicated. In principle, the wastewater discharged from the same circuit is more reasonable for the same circuit.
In addition, a mine in the United States also found that the organic matter contained in the water source, such as humic acid, has an effect on the beneficiation effect, especially in the non-rainy winter, the water source is less, and the humus content is higher, which has a greater impact.
Metal alloy powders are commonly used in thermal spray processes to coat surfaces with a protective or functional layer. These powders are typically made by combining different metal elements in specific compositions to achieve desired properties such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or thermal conductivity.
Some commonly used metal alloy powders for thermal spray include:
1. Nickel-based alloys: These alloys are known for their excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength. They are often used in applications where resistance to oxidation and wear is required, such as in gas turbine components.
2. Cobalt-based alloys: Cobalt alloys are known for their high hardness and wear resistance. They are commonly used in applications where resistance to abrasive wear and high temperatures is required, such as in the aerospace and power generation industries.
3. Stainless steel alloys: Stainless steel alloys are used for their corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength. They are often used in applications where protection against corrosion and oxidation is required, such as in chemical processing equipment.
4. Titanium-based alloys: Titanium alloys are lightweight and have excellent corrosion resistance. They are commonly used in applications where a combination of high strength, low density, and corrosion resistance is required, such as in the aerospace industry.
These metal alloy powders can be applied using various thermal spray techniques, such as flame spraying, arc spraying, plasma spraying, or high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. The specific choice of alloy powder and thermal spray process depends on the desired coating properties and the application requirements.
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